Published at 5:00 PM PHT,
by
by
Dennis Cabrera
Frameworks
I. Flow Diagram
1. Input: RCEP mega-regional trade bloc & PH-EU bilateral comprehensive FTA (Red), ASEAN Summit 2026 MLA (Orange), LEC sub-regional infrastructure corridor (Green)
2. Systems: BSP Rates. GDP Growth/Inflation Forecasts/Actuals (Blue).
3. Output: MSME Capital Budgeting & CapEx Timing (Navy Blue).
Strategically designed for your MSME management decisions during the Energy Crisis.
II. Methodology
This topic on "ASEAN MLA 2026 & BSP Rates: Cautious CapEx Timing to 2028" continues to update on forecasts and actual information/data to determine capital budgeting for timing of capital expenditures. It continues to synthesize authoritative news and data from macro trade frameworks that include the 49th ASEAN Manila 2026 Summit to discover MSME business networking opportunities and the direction of management decisions.
It continues the logical flow:
RCEP → EU-PH FTA → 49th ASEAN Summit 2026 MLA → LEC → BSP Rates → GDP/Inflation Forecasts/Actuals → Capital Budgeting Review → Cautious CapEx Timing
The methodology starts with macro frameworks before analyzing GDP/inflation data for capital expenditure timing decisions. Use of both forecasts and actuals support sound income-generation directions for CapEx decisions.
The present post is part IV of a series:
It continues the logical flow:
RCEP → EU-PH FTA → 49th ASEAN Summit 2026 MLA → LEC → BSP Rates → GDP/Inflation Forecasts/Actuals → Capital Budgeting Review → Cautious CapEx Timing
The methodology starts with macro frameworks before analyzing GDP/inflation data for capital expenditure timing decisions. Use of both forecasts and actuals support sound income-generation directions for CapEx decisions.
The present post is part IV of a series:
- Part I. LEC, BRICS & CapEx: Grow MSME at Lower Inflation by 2028
- Part II. RCEP, EU-PH-FTA & LEC: MSME CapEx at Lower Inflation by 2028
- Part III. GDP, Inflation & BSP Rates: Review and Adjust CapEx Timing
- Part IV. ASEAN MLA 2026 & BSP Rates: Cautious CapEx Timing to 2028
III. Background
A. Recaps, Updates, & the 49th ASEAN Meeting -
Goal: To recap and review the previous post's topics and know relevant information about the 49th ASEAN Summit this -:
1. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the RCEP trade framework?
In a survey made by Vietnam for its MSMEs, the survey reports that many MSMEs have limited understanding of the agreement's regulations. 39.3% of surveyed businesses did not understand the RCEP regulations; 23.5% indicated a lack of market information; while 19.6% worried about having to change their production and business processes to meet the requirements.
This survey by Vietnam mirrors our own PH MSME's situation. PH MSMEs already in export/import need to have more awareness how they can handle compliance requirements in the RCEP. They need guidance in navigating RCEP rules to export/import preferentially under the agreement’s framework. When they clearly understand the rules, they can identify the applicable conditions for each product and market, and compute the implementation costs to choose the most profitable option.
2. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the EU-PH FTA?
MSMEs can benefit:
One concrete EU-PH project that has already been agreed upon is the digital cooperation project (PHP2.85B AI Lab) directly tied to the FTA partnership and to AI capacity building needed by PH MSMEs.
3. How can PH MSMEs find opportunities in the ASEAN Summit ?
MSMEs can understand:
4. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the LEC?
MSMEs can benefit:
B. Update: GDP growth & inflation forecasts/actuals
Data from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC), World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Asian Development Bank (ADB)
BSP/PSA/DBCC reports
Summary of BSP, DBCC GDP Growth forecasts per year:
Summary of BSP's latest inflation forecasts per year:
Summary of PSA actual inflation:
GDP growth forecasts: WB/IMF/ADB
Summary of WB GDP growth forecasts for PH per year:
Summary of IMF GDP growth forecasts for PH per year:
Summary of ADB GDP growth forecast for PH per year:
Summary of ADB GDP growth forecast for developing Southeast Asia per year:
Inflation forecasts WB/IMF/ADB
Summary of IMF inflation forecasts for PH per year:
Summary of ADB inflation forecast for PH per year:
Summary of ADB inflation forecast for developing Southeast Asia per year:
(See also: Philippines: By the Numbers, from ADB Data Library and Citation 3 of the References section)
There are no identified forecasts in the ADB and IMF sources.
C. Review/Adjust: Capital Budgeting
Now that inflation has hiked to 7.8% in October 2026, what should be the strategy?
Continue observing GDP growth and inflation forecasts from both local and foreign entities, and actual data monitoring from the BSP and the PSA. Review and adjust with AI tools capital budget plans to time a capital expenditure that produces a sound return on investment.
The data listed above can be verified more accurately. Sharpen techniques in prompt engineering.
As for other data, continue researching. The ADB and World Bank however, have given forecasts for GDP growth and inflation to support any capital budgeting plan through . But with the BSP setting and adjusting forecasts for GDP at ~5.0%-6.0% and inflation at 6.0%, better defer major CapEx outlays to .
D. Revised Outlay for CapEx Timing: IT Devices/E-trike/Office renovation/Retail shelving
New brands of laptops, mobile phones, and an affordable commercial EUV/cargo e-trike for pick-ups and deliveries are for sale at Christmas season rates. MSMEs can also add practical office workspace renovations for ergonomic upgrades and the construction or purchase of additional multi-level shelves for storage of retail items for sale.
The five CapEx ideas suggested above can be approximately budgeted from an initial outlay of ~PHP40-50k for Micro (at PHP300K-3M capitalization), ~PHP400k-500k for Small (at PHP3M-15M capitalization), and ~PHP2M or more for Medium Enterprises (at PHP15M-100M capitalization).
The five CapEx ideas are only suggestions. You can also consider:
As a second option, and given that headline or overall inflation reported by the PSA for is 7.8% because of prices rising from transportation, fuel, and utilities, plus a depreciating peso, MSMEs can save more by purchasing from reliable sources in the second-hand market. With the exception of the IT devices, because of cybersecurity needs, the other CapEx items can be procured at much lower second-hand pricing. As long as an e-trike/EUV is working well and retail shelving is sturdy, these can be bought or constructed with second-hand materials. Some MSMEs in construction also sell second-hand materials. The savings from this practical strategy can be allocated to other capital budget items or inventory stock for a more revenue-driven move and direction.
For MSMEs that enjoy brand prestige and a high perceived value of their business, 7.8% inflation (PSA) may call for practical pricing, more disciplined cash flow management, and simpler capital budgeting decisions. Balancing a high-end image with profitability, cost-efficiency, and sustainable growth will prove to be a sound strategy at the present economic cycle. Since the BSP adjusted inflation rate to 6.0% and forecast 3.3% in , stay on guard, keep recovery conditional, refine value positioning, and protect profit margins. A cautious CapEx timing may be in the offing in if actual inflation rate is 3.3% and GDP growth is ~5.0%-6.0%.
What if sales do not pick up?
As a reserved alternative strategy, then focusing on cash flow management for restocking in the New Year and more affordable logistics that don't squeeze working capital is a wise option. Price risks due to the effects of El Niño are also present realities. There is a silver lining though even when local supply chains are disrupted. With the RCEP in force with a review, the EU-FTA formalizing in , the ASEAN Summit trade framework set this , and the ongoing LEC project, additional supply chains can lead to a good CapEx timing in .
What if Christmas sales do pick up?
Then focus on cash flow management linked to inventory turnover and logistics savings. This will not only sustain their high-end business until economic conditions plausibly ease up inflationary cycles, but give more impetus toward new capital expenditures to scale by after the adjusted GDP growth and inflation rates by the BSP and DBCC.
Goal: To recap and review the previous post's topics and know relevant information about the 49th ASEAN Summit this -:
- Original RCEP-region share was 20% in , with a 28% increase of global GDP share in [ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO)], and forecasted to grow at 33.8% by (~35% according to Swiss Re ). Upcoming review slated for .
- EU-PH FTA substantive agreement and a formalization slated in
- As the BSP hiked policy rate to 5.50% last , it also raised its inflation forecast to 6.0% from 5.4%, citing persistent price pressures from the effects of El Niño
- The ASEAN Manila Summit and the catalysts for a more cautious MSME capex timing:
- regional trade deals,
- infrastructure commitments,
- and digital policy alignments that unlock new supply chain networks and funding for MSMEs
1. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the RCEP trade framework?
In a survey made by Vietnam for its MSMEs, the survey reports that many MSMEs have limited understanding of the agreement's regulations. 39.3% of surveyed businesses did not understand the RCEP regulations; 23.5% indicated a lack of market information; while 19.6% worried about having to change their production and business processes to meet the requirements.
This survey by Vietnam mirrors our own PH MSME's situation. PH MSMEs already in export/import need to have more awareness how they can handle compliance requirements in the RCEP. They need guidance in navigating RCEP rules to export/import preferentially under the agreement’s framework. When they clearly understand the rules, they can identify the applicable conditions for each product and market, and compute the implementation costs to choose the most profitable option.
2. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the EU-PH FTA?
MSMEs can benefit:
- through supply-chain linkages to EU-backed infrastructure projects,
- export partnerships with EU investors,
- and improved access to EU-ASEAN trade financing networks
One concrete EU-PH project that has already been agreed upon is the digital cooperation project (PHP2.85B AI Lab) directly tied to the FTA partnership and to AI capacity building needed by PH MSMEs.
3. How can PH MSMEs find opportunities in the ASEAN Summit ?
MSMEs can understand:
- the ASEAN DEFA (Digital Economic Framework Agreement) digital-trade rules,
- compliance requirements for market access, financing, and productivity,
- how they can be integrated with the other trade frameworks in the RCEP, the EU-FTA, and the LEC
- updated information and data to time well a CapEx in
4. How can PH MSMEs benefit from the LEC?
MSMEs can benefit:
- by exploring supplier, logistics, or distribution links with ready industrial estates, such as the LIMA estate in Batangas to support cost-efficient growth and gather revenue opportunities
- by exploring also supplier, logistics, or distribution links within Clark and Subic discover revenue opportunities and cost-efficient progress
B. Update: GDP growth & inflation forecasts/actuals
Data from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC), World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Asian Development Bank (ADB)
BSP/PSA/DBCC reports
Summary of BSP, DBCC GDP Growth forecasts per year:
- ~3.5%-4.5% ()
- 5.0%-6.0% (-)
Summary of BSP's latest inflation forecasts per year:
- 6.1% ()
- 6.0% ()
- 3.3% ()
Summary of PSA actual inflation:
- 7.8% () / Jan-Oct 2026 Year-to-Date average 5.6%
- ---% ()
- ---% ()
GDP growth forecasts: WB/IMF/ADB
Summary of WB GDP growth forecasts for PH per year:
- 3.7% ()
- 5.2% ()
- 5.5% ()
Summary of IMF GDP growth forecasts for PH per year:
- 3.4% ()
- 5.1% ()
- 6.0% (, January 2026 update)
Summary of ADB GDP growth forecast for PH per year:
- 3.3% ()
- 5.1% ()
Summary of ADB GDP growth forecast for developing Southeast Asia per year:
- 4.7% ()
- 4.9% ()
Inflation forecasts WB/IMF/ADB
Summary of IMF inflation forecasts for PH per year:
- 5.6% ()
- 4.1% ()
- 3.2% ()
Summary of ADB inflation forecast for PH per year:
- 5.9% ()
- 4.4% ()
Summary of ADB inflation forecast for developing Southeast Asia per year:
- 4.0% ()
- 3.3% ()
(See also: Philippines: By the Numbers, from ADB Data Library and Citation 3 of the References section)
There are no identified forecasts in the ADB and IMF sources.
C. Review/Adjust: Capital Budgeting
Now that inflation has hiked to 7.8% in October 2026, what should be the strategy?
Continue observing GDP growth and inflation forecasts from both local and foreign entities, and actual data monitoring from the BSP and the PSA. Review and adjust with AI tools capital budget plans to time a capital expenditure that produces a sound return on investment.
The data listed above can be verified more accurately. Sharpen techniques in prompt engineering.
As for other data, continue researching. The ADB and World Bank however, have given forecasts for GDP growth and inflation to support any capital budgeting plan through . But with the BSP setting and adjusting forecasts for GDP at ~5.0%-6.0% and inflation at 6.0%, better defer major CapEx outlays to .
D. Revised Outlay for CapEx Timing: IT Devices/E-trike/Office renovation/Retail shelving
New brands of laptops, mobile phones, and an affordable commercial EUV/cargo e-trike for pick-ups and deliveries are for sale at Christmas season rates. MSMEs can also add practical office workspace renovations for ergonomic upgrades and the construction or purchase of additional multi-level shelves for storage of retail items for sale.
The five CapEx ideas suggested above can be approximately budgeted from an initial outlay of ~PHP40-50k for Micro (at PHP300K-3M capitalization), ~PHP400k-500k for Small (at PHP3M-15M capitalization), and ~PHP2M or more for Medium Enterprises (at PHP15M-100M capitalization).
The five CapEx ideas are only suggestions. You can also consider:
- a small inverter chest freezer or refrigerator (check Condura, durable and affordable),
- a single-burner induction cooker (Dowell is a good brand),
- inverter fans (Union entered the inverter market, search its budget model),
- smart plug timers that turn appliances on or off automatically via mobile apps,
- and a small solar-with-battery kit for lighting and phone-based POS
As a second option, and given that headline or overall inflation reported by the PSA for is 7.8% because of prices rising from transportation, fuel, and utilities, plus a depreciating peso, MSMEs can save more by purchasing from reliable sources in the second-hand market. With the exception of the IT devices, because of cybersecurity needs, the other CapEx items can be procured at much lower second-hand pricing. As long as an e-trike/EUV is working well and retail shelving is sturdy, these can be bought or constructed with second-hand materials. Some MSMEs in construction also sell second-hand materials. The savings from this practical strategy can be allocated to other capital budget items or inventory stock for a more revenue-driven move and direction.
For MSMEs that enjoy brand prestige and a high perceived value of their business, 7.8% inflation (PSA) may call for practical pricing, more disciplined cash flow management, and simpler capital budgeting decisions. Balancing a high-end image with profitability, cost-efficiency, and sustainable growth will prove to be a sound strategy at the present economic cycle. Since the BSP adjusted inflation rate to 6.0% and forecast 3.3% in , stay on guard, keep recovery conditional, refine value positioning, and protect profit margins. A cautious CapEx timing may be in the offing in if actual inflation rate is 3.3% and GDP growth is ~5.0%-6.0%.
What if sales do not pick up?
As a reserved alternative strategy, then focusing on cash flow management for restocking in the New Year and more affordable logistics that don't squeeze working capital is a wise option. Price risks due to the effects of El Niño are also present realities. There is a silver lining though even when local supply chains are disrupted. With the RCEP in force with a review, the EU-FTA formalizing in , the ASEAN Summit trade framework set this , and the ongoing LEC project, additional supply chains can lead to a good CapEx timing in .
What if Christmas sales do pick up?
Then focus on cash flow management linked to inventory turnover and logistics savings. This will not only sustain their high-end business until economic conditions plausibly ease up inflationary cycles, but give more impetus toward new capital expenditures to scale by after the adjusted GDP growth and inflation rates by the BSP and DBCC.
IV. Analysis
A. USD:PHP exchange rate
Per BSP records, the PHP opened today (), at a value of PHP 63.4880 to the USD 1.00, compared to Monday's () close at PHP 63.6720.
The PHP depreciated to its lowest value at PHP63.8520 vs. USD1.00 last October 30, 2026. The weakening trend of the PHP is ~1.15% for the time period October 9, 2026 to November 5, 2026. (63.4880 - 62.7660)/62.7660 x 100 = ~1.15%)
The ~1.15% trend can still be reversed to a stronger one as Christmas season fast approaches, because incoming remittances from PH OFWs can boost the USD supply and support the PHP.
| USD 1.00 : PHP 62.7660 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 62.7930 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.0490 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.0680 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.2260 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.4530 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.8520 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.6720 | |
| USD 1.00 : PHP 63.4880 |
Per BSP records, the PHP opened today (), at a value of PHP 63.4880 to the USD 1.00, compared to Monday's () close at PHP 63.6720.
The PHP depreciated to its lowest value at PHP63.8520 vs. USD1.00 last October 30, 2026. The weakening trend of the PHP is ~1.15% for the time period October 9, 2026 to November 5, 2026. (63.4880 - 62.7660)/62.7660 x 100 = ~1.15%)
The ~1.15% trend can still be reversed to a stronger one as Christmas season fast approaches, because incoming remittances from PH OFWs can boost the USD supply and support the PHP.
B.1. Fuel Prices: -
| Gasoline | +Php 2.40 to 3.50/liter | increase | ⇑ |
| Diesel | -Php 0.40 to 1.00/liter | decrease | ⇓ |
| Kerosene | -Php 1.40 to 1.90/liter | decrease | ⇓ |
See also: Fuel Price Update Philippines or FB Page of Department of Energy
To follow soon: Primary Data from the Department of Energy, Summary of Prior Notice on Price Adjustments, for the week -
B.2. Fuel Prices: -
| Gasoline | -Php 0.30/liter | decrease | ⇓ |
| Diesel | +Php 1.20/liter | increase | ⇑ |
| Kerosene | +Php 0.50/liter | increase | ⇑ |
See also: Primary Data from the Department of Energy, Summary of Prior Notice on Price Adjustments, for the week -
C. PSEi on , Tuesday, 3:00 p.m. PHT:
| PSEi | 5,778.14 | up (+83.22 pts) ⇑ | +1.46% |
| All Shares | 3,229.47 | up (+44.32 pts) ⇑ | +1.39% |
| Financials | 1,835.44 | down (-19.37 pts) ⇓ | -1.04% |
| Industrial | 7,460.96 | up (+182.96 pts) ⇑ | +2.51% |
| Holding Firms | 4,375.34 | up (+174.06 pts) ⇑ | +4.14% |
| Property | 1,821.48 | up (+35.62 pts) ⇑ | +1.19% |
| Services | 2,935.40 | up (+3.42 pts) ⇑ | +0.12% |
| Mining & Oil | 18,813.24 | up (+734.08 pts) ⇑ | +4.06% |
D. To integrate the above-mentioned fluctuating financial data and trends into additional business strategies, the following Signals at-a-Glance dashboard synthesizes that market data into five strategic insights for resilient profit and data-driven MSME management.
E. MSME Cash Flow Management
How to pivot resilient MSME cash flow management towards capital budgeting to scale in ?
Geopolitical alignment via trade frameworks where the Philippines belongs as ASEAN chair/member: in RCEP, EU-PH-FTA, and ASEAN Summit . Agreements serve as the macro (1. Input). More stability toward growth is attained through this macro alignment. MSMEs can work for access to digital infrastructures through expanding their present business network to include MSMEs connected with Large Enterprises in the LEC sub-regional project.
With inflation at 7.8%, MSMEs adapt their cash flow management through structured macro financial (2. Systems). MSME financial mgt policies align with PH Large Enterprises directly connected with the macro trade frameworks. They leverage GDP growth forecasts vs. present 7.8% inflation rate. They continue monitoring statistics from the BSP, ADB, World Bank, and IMF for CapEx opportunities by , with initial outlay for an EUV, IT upgrades, and workspace renovations for ergonomic gain. Given high inflation, they consider shifting CapEx timing to and search for easy, affordable brands or items in an official and reliable second-hand market.
This macro-micro trade framework alignment with CapEx planning will yield a more resilient long-term view of present uncertainty, disruption, and rapid change. With a thorough study for CapEx, the opportunity for MSME progress ("asenso"), is still attainable till . Actual GDP growth H1 2026 averages at 2.6%; a stronger H2 rebound is needed to hit the ~3.5%-4.5% forecasted (3. Output).
(Review Flow Diagram above and Matrix Table below)
How to pivot resilient MSME cash flow management towards capital budgeting to scale in ?
Geopolitical alignment via trade frameworks where the Philippines belongs as ASEAN chair/member: in RCEP, EU-PH-FTA, and ASEAN Summit . Agreements serve as the macro (1. Input). More stability toward growth is attained through this macro alignment. MSMEs can work for access to digital infrastructures through expanding their present business network to include MSMEs connected with Large Enterprises in the LEC sub-regional project.
With inflation at 7.8%, MSMEs adapt their cash flow management through structured macro financial (2. Systems). MSME financial mgt policies align with PH Large Enterprises directly connected with the macro trade frameworks. They leverage GDP growth forecasts vs. present 7.8% inflation rate. They continue monitoring statistics from the BSP, ADB, World Bank, and IMF for CapEx opportunities by , with initial outlay for an EUV, IT upgrades, and workspace renovations for ergonomic gain. Given high inflation, they consider shifting CapEx timing to and search for easy, affordable brands or items in an official and reliable second-hand market.
This macro-micro trade framework alignment with CapEx planning will yield a more resilient long-term view of present uncertainty, disruption, and rapid change. With a thorough study for CapEx, the opportunity for MSME progress ("asenso"), is still attainable till . Actual GDP growth H1 2026 averages at 2.6%; a stronger H2 rebound is needed to hit the ~3.5%-4.5% forecasted (3. Output).
(Review Flow Diagram above and Matrix Table below)
V. Implications: Operations Management
Engineered for Professional & MSME Business Strategies
Summary insights for better business decisions, planning, & practices:
What can your MSME monitor and plan now for long-term investments till ?
What can your MSME monitor and plan now for long-term investments till ?
- Monitor investment status of macro-trade frameworks: the RCEP, EU-ASEAN-PH FTA, and the ASEAN Summit .
- Keep updated on adjustments to forecasts and actual statistics on GDP growth and inflation rate by the BSP/DBCC, ADB, the World Bank, and the IMF, and shift actual CapEx move for . Keep an open mindset, ready to adjust.
- By using AI to plan investments on EUV and IT, begin asset allocation review for capital budgeting by when the effects of El Niño have more or less stabilized. As of the present, with a 50bps hike by the BSP, tighten working capital, control costs, and preserve equity. Use GDP and inflation data as inputs to CapEx timing, alongside cash-flow forecasts, financing costs, and projected returns.
Matrix Table for Best Business Actions
| Macro Indicator | Current Status | MSME Action |
| 3.3% GDP forecast (2026) | Actual: H1 avg 2.6% | Monitor Q3-Q4 2026 (actual) |
| Inflation Oct 2026 | 7.8% (spike) | Affordable brands/2nd-hand CapEx options |
| USD:PHP FX Rate | Depreciating at PHP 63.4880 | Source local where possible |
| BSP policy rate | 5.50% | Use reserves/Delay new big loans |
| ADB PH GDP 2026 | 3.3% forecast (avg. for year) | Do capital budgeting study on 2027 |
| ADB PH GDP 2027 | 5.1% forecast | Defer CapEx timing to 2028 |
| WB PH GDP 2028 | 5.5% forecast | Cautious CapEx timing on 2028 |
| Geopolitics 2026 | LEC, BRICS, PH-Canada ongoing, ASEAN Summit | Align finance mgt policies to macro trade |
| Geopolitics 2027 | RCEP, ASEAN-EU FTAs for review | Continue: Align MSME finance mgt policies |
VI. Limitations
All information, market data, diagrams, and macro analyses in the Archive are synthesized using advanced, data-driven AI systems. While these AI models leverage very large datasets to achieve high analytical accuracy, the results produced can still have slight discrepancies. Readers are advised to independently verify all data before making important capital allocation or strategic MSME decisions.
Data also reflects conditions as of , 5:00 p.m. PHT, the date and time of publication, and may not represent subsequent market movements. To check for updated information, click these links:
Data also reflects conditions as of , 5:00 p.m. PHT, the date and time of publication, and may not represent subsequent market movements. To check for updated information, click these links:
VII. References
1 Implementing the RCEP Agreement: Leveraging Benefits and Enhancing Business Competitiveness, by Bộ Công thương, , Vietnam.vn
2 P2.85-B EU digital cooperation to support AI, by Mico Virata, , Tribune.net.ph
3 Economic Forecasts for Asia and the Pacific: September 2026, ADB.org
4 Summary Inflation Report Consumer Price Index (2018=100): October 2026, , PSA.gov.ph
5 The Changing Map of Growth: Why East Asia and the RCEP Are More Important Than Ever, , Thailand-Business-News.com
6 Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA): ASEAN to leap forward its digital economy and unlock US$2 Tn by 2030, , Asean.org
